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Agricultural practices have a profound impact on watershed dynamics, water quality, and the well-being of aquatic life. One major concern is agricultural pollution, particularly the excess of nutrients, which can elevate disease risks in various host-pathogen relationships. However, the exact mechanisms driving this effect remain uncertain. Elevated nutrient levels are believed to significantly influence populations of aquatic environmental bacteria, potentially reshaping the microbiomes of aquatic organisms and affecting their vulnerability to disease. Despite this, the impact of nutrient enrichment on host microbiomes as a link to diseases in aquatic organisms has been largely overlooked. In this study, we investigated the impact of nutrient enrichment on the skin-associated microbial communities of the American bullfrogLithobates catesbeianus. We observed a significant shift in bacterial richness and community composition in nutrient-enriched ponds compared with reference ponds. Although the proportion of the community inhibitory towardsBatrachochytrium dendrobatidis(Bd) did not change significantly,Bdloads were markedly higher in nutrient-enriched ponds. Nutrient enrichment significantly altered carbon utilization patterns as measured by Biolog EcoPlates, and antibiotic resistance was prevalent across all ponds and samples, with resistance to trimethoprim, sulfamethazine, and chloramphenicol significantly higher in nutrient-enriched ponds. Our findings indicate that nutrient enrichment affects the structure and function of skin-associated microbial communities in American bullfrogs, influencing bothBdload and antibiotic resistance. 

Abstract Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) are devices capable of effectively harvesting electrical energy from mechanical motion prevalent around us. With the goal of developing TENGs with a small environmental footprint, herein we present the potential of using rubber and paper as biological materials for constructing triboelectric nanogenerators. We explored the performance of these TENGs with various contact material combinations, electrode sizes, and operational frequencies. The optimally configured TENG achieved a maximum open circuit output voltage of over 30 V, and a short circuit current of around 3 µA. Additionally, this optimally configured TENG was capable of charging various capacitors and achieved a maximum power output density of 21 mW/m². This work demonstrates that biologically derived materials can be used as effective, sustainable, and low-cost contact materials for the development of triboelectric nanogenerators with minimal environmental footprint. 

This paper is exploring the connection between human trafficking in the dark web. It also looks into the different variations as to how people are trafficked and who is more likely to be trafficked. The surveys that were conducted is to mainly see current knowledge of everyday people on what they personally knew about the connection between trafficking and the dark web. 

Advanced Persistent Threats (APTs) are professional, sophisticated threats that pose a serious concern to our technologically-dependent society. As these threats become more common, conventional response-driven cyberattack management needs to be substituted with anticipatory defense measures. Understanding adversarial behavior and movement is critical to improve our ability to proactively defend. This paper focuses on understanding adversarial movement and adaptation using a case study from a real-time cybersecurity exercise. Through multidisciplinary methodologies from social and hard sciences, this paper presents a mechanism to dissect cyberadversarial intrusion chains to unpack movement, and adaptations. 

Teachers’ situated knowledge of the class- room and teaching suggests that they can play an important role in promoting and supporting change in teaching practice even if they are not formally designated as leaders. We selected 32 secondary mathematics and science teachers and supported them in enriching their instructional practice and in becoming in structionally-focused teacher leaders. We describe the qualities we sought in teachers who were to become effective teacher leaders, and we share the ways in which we assessed those characteristics. We explain our rationale, instruments, and interview questions used in the selection of the teacher leaders. After four years, our teachers have served and continue to serve in numerous formal and informal leadership roles. We offer three recommendations to administrators for nurturing teacher leaders. 

Extensive experimental studies show that all major rock-forming elements (e.g., Si, Mg, Fe, Ca, Al, Na, K) dissolve in steam to a greater or lesser extent. We use these results to compute chemical equilibrium abundances of rocky-element-bearing gases in steam atmospheres equilibrated with silicate magma oceans. Rocky elements partition into steam atmospheres as volatile hydroxide gases (e.g., Si(OH)4, Mg(OH)2, Fe(OH)2, Ni(OH)2, Al(OH)3, Ca(OH)2, NaOH, KOH) and via reaction with HF and HCl as volatile halide gases (e.g., NaCl, KCl, CaFOH, CaClOH, FAl(OH)2) in much larger amounts than expected from their vapor pressures over volatile-free solid or molten rock at high temperatures expected for steam atmospheres on the early Earth and hot rocky exoplanets. We quantitatively compute the extent of fractional vaporization by defining gas/magma distribution coefficients and show that Earth's subsolar Si/Mg ratio may be due to loss of a primordial steam atmosphere. We conclude that hot rocky exoplanets that are undergoing or have undergone escape of steam-bearing atmospheres may experience fractional vaporization and loss of Si, Mg, Fe, Ni, Al, Ca, Na, and K. This loss can modify their bulk composition, density, heat balance, and interior structure. 

Abstract Sea turtles are vulnerable to climate change since their reproductive output is influenced by incubating temperatures, with warmer temperatures causing lower hatching success and increased feminization of embryos. Their ability to cope with projected increases in ambient temperatures will depend on their capacity to adapt to shifts in climatic regimes. Here, we assessed the extent to which phenological shifts could mitigate impacts from increases in ambient temperatures (from 1.5 to 3°C in air temperatures and from 1.4 to 2.3°C in sea surface temperatures by 2100 at our sites) on four species of sea turtles, under a “middle of the road” scenario (SSP2‐4.5). Sand temperatures at sea turtle nesting sites are projected to increase from 0.58 to 4.17°C by 2100 and expected shifts in nesting of 26–43 days earlier will not be sufficient to maintain current incubation temperatures at 7 (29%) of our sites, hatching success rates at 10 (42%) of our sites, with current trends in hatchling sex ratio being able to be maintained at half of the sites. We also calculated the phenological shifts that would be required (both backward for an earlier shift in nesting and forward for a later shift) to keep up with present‐day incubation temperatures, hatching success rates, and sex ratios. The required shifts backward in nesting for incubation temperatures ranged from −20 to −191 days, whereas the required shifts forward ranged from +54 to +180 days. However, for half of the sites, no matter the shift the median incubation temperature will always be warmer than the 75th percentile of current ranges. Given that phenological shifts will not be able to ameliorate predicted changes in temperature, hatching success and sex ratio at most sites, turtles may need to use other adaptive responses and/or there is the need to enhance sea turtle resilience to climate warming. 

Abstract The Iceland Greenland Seas Project (IGP) is a coordinated atmosphere–ocean research program investigating climate processes in the source region of the densest waters of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation. During February and March 2018, a field campaign was executed over the Iceland and southern Greenland Seas that utilized a range of observing platforms to investigate critical processes in the region, including a research vessel, a research aircraft, moorings, sea gliders, floats, and a meteorological buoy. A remarkable feature of the field campaign was the highly coordinated deployment of the observing platforms, whereby the research vessel and aircraft tracks were planned in concert to allow simultaneous sampling of the atmosphere, the ocean, and their interactions. This joint planning was supported by tailor-made convection-permitting weather forecasts and novel diagnostics from an ensemble prediction system. The scientific aims of the IGP are to characterize the atmospheric forcing and the ocean response of coupled processes; in particular, cold-air outbreaks in the vicinity of the marginal ice zone and their triggering of oceanic heat loss, and the role of freshwater in the generation of dense water masses. The campaign observed the life cycle of a long-lasting cold-air outbreak over the Iceland Sea and the development of a cold-air outbreak over the Greenland Sea. Repeated profiling revealed the immediate impact on the ocean, while a comprehensive hydrographic survey provided a rare picture of these subpolar seas in winter. A joint atmosphere–ocean approach is also being used in the analysis phase, with coupled observational analysis and coordinated numerical modeling activities underway.